A spreadsheet of the Great Books of the Western World

I entered the house where the Mom smiled. Her 'kiddos', Jimmy and Gina both had puppy smells except Gina's was like she rolled in fresh cut grass and flowers whereas Jimmy just smelled like the inside of a shoe. Their dad, Tom, smelled liked cars, since he made his living crawling under them. 

I liked Tom. He actually talked to me. Most adults just ignored me (easily done since I was in my invisible phase) or mumbled in my direction. 

"See these?" he said, pointing at some books.

"You mean the books?" 

"Yeah.

"Read them and the Bible if you want wisdom."

"Really?"

"They are called the great books of the western world. A man named Mortimer put them together and he made a Syntopicon for them."

"What's a sin-topic-con?"

"Good question. 

"It's like one of those Indians you watch on your TV Westerns. It's like a guide to help you get some place.

"You see, Mortimer believes that the bedrock of our civilization are our myths and stories. The ancient Greeks and Hebrews wrote these stories down and then wrote about what the stories mean.

"People then read what they wrote and made comments. This became like a conversation across time.

"The Syntopicon guides you through threads in the conversation.

"You can read on your own, but the best way to become wise is for you and a couple of friends to read an idea at the same time and talk about it."

I was 9 when Tom introduced me to the Great Books. I was intriqued!  I wanted to be WISE! Did I read these books? Well, the books didn't live in MY house did they? So, no. 

When I was 25 I welcomed a set of the great books into my home.  Did I read them then? No.

Now I'm 76 and I figured, "Why not?"

But, me being me, rather than taking a volume off the shelf and just begin reading, I needed to do some research:

QUES: It's been 72 years since the Great Books were published. Have there been additions or deletions?  

ANS: The 1952 original publication includes 54 volumes. The second edition in 1990 has 60 volumes and made additions to 11 of the existing books. 

QUES: The books included were selected by a small group (Mortimer Adler, Robert Hutchins, and William Benton). Has anyone else developed a similar list? 

ANS: Mortimer wasn't the first to identify books that a thinking citizen should be familiar with. At the beginning of the 20th century, the President of Harvard, Charles W. Eliot, thought his (Dr Eliot's) Five-Foot Shelf of Books could provide a person with the foundations of a liberal education. He compiled and edited a list of literature and historical documents that were published in 1909-1910 in a 50 volume. This became known as the Harvard Classics.

During his tenure at Columbia University, in 1920 John Erskine created the General Honors Course to help develop students into more complete human beings. The process he adopted was for each student to read a great book each week and discuss it in a small group. Mortimer J. Adler was an instructor in this course in the 1920s (1923?). The current incarnation of the General Honors Course can be found in Columbia's Literature Humanities  and Contemporary Civilization courses. Books on the reading lists for these two courses are highlighted in purple in the table below.

Mortimer Adler was the adamant champion of what became the Great Books of the Western World. His quest began in 1941 and was accomplished in 1952. 

Joseph Brodsky, the 1987 Nobel Prize winner in Literature, created the List of 83 Books You Should Read to Have an Intelligent Conversation.

Shane Sherman maintains The Greatest Western Books of All Time which he compiles from various "Best Book" lists.  (A combination of thoughtful and popular?)

Of course universities have their reading lists. It would be intriguing to compile a reading list which spans the various departments in a university (similar to Columbia's The Core Curriculum).  

(NOTE: Since I posted this I've learned about

• Gateway to Great Books edited by Mortimer Adler, Robert Maynard Hutchins, and Clifton Fadiman published in 1963
•  The Western Cannon: The Books and School of the Ages by Harold Bloom published in 1994 
• Western Literary Canon in Context by John Bowers published in 2008)

QUES: What books and documents are included in the Great Books of the Western World (GBWW)?

ANS: A list of documents organized by its 60 Volume is included in the GBWW wikipedia article.

I copied the list to a spreadsheet, notated a date for each.  I added some items and include them at the top of the list:

• item 1, included by Joseph Brodsky on his list of books you should read to have an inteligent conversation. It is also included on the Literature Humanities reading list.
• items 2 and 3, the two versions of the Bible referenced in the GBWW (but not included in the GBWW list!)
• items 4, 5, and 6, included in the Harvard Classics Volumes 44 or 45, Sacred Writings
• item 6, the Qur'an, which Mortimer lamented as not being included in the versons of  GBWW.
• items 7 - 10, included in the Harvard Classics Volume 49, Epic and Saga

There are 398 works in list. Doing some searches to find book lengths, that's 41,914 pages!

 QUES: So now what? I've made this spiffy list that I can waste my time sorting, what's the plan?

ANS: Well, 398 books seems a bit much and 41,914 pages are overwhelming  (How do you eat an elephant comes to mind), so I have a bit of planning to do. 

 I'll do some sorting to pare down the list to something manageable on my next post. Then I'll come up with a plan.

 (NOTE: Books on Columbia's 2024 Literature Humanities  and Contemporary Civilization  reading lists are highlighted in purple.)

TITLE	AUTHOR	VOL	DATE	ITEM
The Epic of Gilgamesh			-1200	1
the Bible (King James version)			1769	2
the Bible (Douay version)			1752	3
The Bhagavad Gita			-500	4
Analects (The Sayings of Confucius)			-220	5
Qur'an			632	6
Beowulf			1025	7
The Song of Roland			1115	8
The Destruction of Dá Derga’s Hostel			1782	9
The Story of the Volsungs and Niblungs			1877	10
The Great Conversation	Robert Maynard Hutchins (Editor) Mortimer J. Adler (Editor)	1	1952	11
The Great Ideas I : ANGEL to LOVE	Robert Maynard Hutchins (Editor) Mortimer J. Adler (Editor)	2	1952	12
The Great Ideas II : MAN to WORLD	Robert Maynard Hutchins (Editor) Mortimer J. Adler (Editor)	3	1952	13
The Iliad	Homer	4	-700	14
The Odyssey	Homer	4	-700	15
The Suppliant Maidens	Aeschylus	5	-458	16
The Persians	Aeschylus	5	-472	17
Seven Against Thebes	Aeschylus	5	-467	18
Prometheus Bound	Aeschylus	5	-424	19
The Oresteia	Aeschylus	5	-450	20
Agamemnon	Aeschylus	5	-450	21
Choephoroe	Aeschylus	5	-450	22
The Eumenides	Aeschylus	5	-450	23
Oedipus the King	Sophocles	5	-429	24
Oedipus at Colonus	Sophocles	5	-401	25
Antigone	Sophocles	5	-450	26
Ajax	Sophocles	5	-450	27
Electra	Sophocles	5	-450	28
The Trachiniae	Sophocles	5	-425	29
Philoctetes	Sophocles	5	-409	30
Rhesus	Euripides	5	-440	31
Medea	Euripides	5	-431	32
Hippolytus	Euripides	5	-428	33
Alcestis	Euripides	5	-438	34
Heracleidae	Euripides	5	-430	35
The Suppliants	Euripides	5	-458	36
The Trojan Women	Euripides	5	-415	37
Ion	Euripides	5	-412	38
Helen	Euripides	5	-412	39
Andromache	Euripides	5	-425	40
Electra	Euripides	5	-414	41
Bacchantes	Euripides	5	-405	42
Hecuba	Euripides	5	-424	43
Heracles Mad	Euripides	5	-416	44
The Phoenician Women	Euripides	5	-425	45
Orestes	Euripides	5	-404	46
Iphigenia in Tauris	Euripides	5	-412	47
Iphigenia in Aulis	Euripides	5	-406	48
The Acharnians	Aristophanes	5	-425	49
The Knights	Aristophanes	5	-424	50
The Clouds	Aristophanes	5	-423	51
The Wasps	Aristophanes	5	-422	52
Peace	Aristophanes	5	-421	53
The Birds	Aristophanes	5	-414	54
The Frogs	Aristophanes	5	-405	55
Lysistrata	Aristophanes	5	-411	56
Thesmophoriazusae	Aristophanes	5	-411	57
Ecclesiazousae	Aristophanes	5	-391	58
Plutus	Aristophanes	5	-388	59
The History	Herodotus	6	-430	60
History of the Peloponnesian War	Thucydides	6	-400	61
Dialogues	Plato	7	-370	62
Charmides	Plato	7	-390	63
Lysis	Plato	7	-387	64
Laches	Plato	7	-390	65
Protagoras	Plato	7	-390	66
Euthydemus	Plato	7	-367	67
Cratylus	Plato	7	-367	68
Phaedrus	Plato	7	-367	69
Ion	Plato	7	-390	70
Symposium	Plato	7	-367	71
Meno	Plato	7	-367	72
Euthyphro	Plato	7	-390	73
Apology	Plato	7	-390	74
Crito	Plato	7	-390	75
Phaedo	Plato	7	-367	76
Gorgias	Plato	7	390	77
The Republic	Plato	7	-375	78
Timaeus	Plato	7	-387	79
Critias	Plato	7	-387	80
Parmenides	Plato	7	-367	81
Theaetetus	Plato	7	-367	82
Sophist	Plato	7	-361	83
Statesman	Plato	7	-387	84
Philebus	Plato	7	-387	85
Laws	Plato	7	-367	86
The Seventh Letter	Plato	7	-352	87
Categories	Aristotle	8	-322	88
On Interpretation	Aristotle	8	-322	89
Prior Analytics	Aristotle	8	-350	90
Posterior Analytics	Aristotle	8	-322	91
Topics	Aristotle	8	-322	92
Sophistical Refutations	Aristotle	8	-322	93
Physics	Aristotle	8	-350	94
On the Heavens	Aristotle	8	-350	95
On Generation and Corruption	Aristotle	8	-322	96
Meteorology	Aristotle	8	-340	97
Metaphysics	Aristotle	8	-322	98
On the Soul	Aristotle	8	-350	99
Minor biological works	Aristotle	8	-322	100
On Sense and the Sensible	Aristotle	8	-322	101
On Memory and Reminisence	Aristotle	8	-350	102
On Sleep and Sleeplessness	Aristotle	8	-322	103
On Dreams	Aristotle	8	-322	104
On Prophesying by Dreams	Aristotle	8	-322	105
On Longevity and Shortness of Life	Aristotle	8	-322	106
On Youth and Old Age, On Life and Death, On Breathing	Aristotle	8	-322	107
History of Animals	Aristotle	9	-322	108
Parts of Animals	Aristotle	9	-350	109
On the Motion of Animals	Aristotle	9	-322	110
On the Gait of Animals	Aristotle	9	-322	111
On the Generation of Animals	Aristotle	9	-322	112
Nicomachean Ethics	Aristotle	9	-322	113
Politics	Aristotle	9	-322	114
The Athenian Constitution	Aristotle	9	-322	115
Rhetoric	Aristotle	9	-322	116
Poetics	Aristotle	9	-335	117
The Hippocratic Oath	Hippocrates	10	-370	118
On Ancient Medicine	Hippocrates	10	-400	119
On Airs, Water, and Places	Hippocrates	10	-400	120
The Book of Prognostics	Hippocrates	10	-400	121
On Regimen in Acute Diseases	Hippocrates	10	-400	122
Of the Epidemics	Hippocrates	10	-400	123
On Injuries of the Head	Hippocrates	10	-400	124
On the Surgery	Hippocrates	10	-400	125
On Fractures	Hippocrates	10	-400	126
On the Articulations	Hippocrates	10	-400	127
Instruments of Reduction	Hippocrates	10	-400	128
Aphorisms	Hippocrates	10	-400	129
The Law	Hippocrates	10	-400	130
The Ulcer	Hippocrates	10	-400	131
On Fistulae	Hippocrates	10	-400	132
On Hemorrhoids	Hippocrates	10	-400	133
On the Sacred Disease	Hippocrates	10	-400	134
On the Natural Faculties	Galen	10	199	135
The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements	Euclid	11	-300	136
On the Sphere and Cylinder	Archimedes	11	-225	137
Measurement of a Circle	Archimedes	11	-250	138
On Conoids and Spheroids	Archimedes	11	-212	139
On Spirals	Archimedes	11	-225	140
On the Equilibrium of Planes	Archimedes	11	-212	141
The Sand Reckoner	Archimedes	11	-212	142
The Quadrature of the Parabola	Archimedes	11	-212	143
On Floating Bodies	Archimedes	11	-212	144
Book of Lemmas	Archimedes	11	-212	145
The Method Treating of Mechanical Problems	Archimedes	11	-212	146
On Conic Sections	Apollonius of Perga	11	-190	147
Introduction to Arithmetic	Nicomachus of Gerasa	11	120	148
On the Nature of Things	Lucretius	12	1473	149
The Discourses	Epictetus	12	108	150
The Meditations	Marcus Aurelius	12	180	151
Eclogues	Virgil	13	-38	152
Georgics	Virgil	13	-29	153
Aeneid	Virgil	13	-19	154
The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans	Plutarch	14	100	155
The Annals	P. Cornelius Tacitus	15	117	156
The Histories	P. Cornelius Tacitus	15	105	157
Almagest	Ptolemy	16	170	158
On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres	Nicolaus Copernicus	16	1543	159
Epitome of Copernican Astronomy (Books IV–V)	Johannes Kepler	16	1621	160
The Harmonies of the World (Book V)	Johannes Kepler	16	1619	161
The Six Enneads	Plotinus	17	250	162
The Confessions	Augustine of Hippo	18	400	163
The City of God	Augustine of Hippo	18	426	164
On Christian Doctrine	Augustine of Hippo	18	426	165
Summa Theologica	Thomas Aquinas	19	1274	166
Summa Theologica	Thomas Aquinas	20	1274	167
Divine Comedy	Dante Alighieri	21	1321	168
Troilus and Criseyde	Geoffrey Chaucer	22	1385	169
The Canterbury Tales	Geoffrey Chaucer	22	1476	170
The Prince	Niccolò Machiavelli	23	1532	171
Leviathan	Thomas Hobbes	23	1651	172
Gargantua and Pantagruel	François Rabelais	24	1564	173
Essays	Michel Eyquem de Montaigne	25	1592	174
The First Part of King Henry the Sixth	William Shakespeare	26	1591	175
The Second Part of King Henry the Sixth	William Shakespeare	26	1591	176
The Third Part of King Henry the Sixth	William Shakespeare	26	1591	177
The Tragedy of Richard the Third	William Shakespeare	26	1594	178
The Comedy of Errors	William Shakespeare	26	1594	179
Titus Andronicus	William Shakespeare	26	1593	180
The Taming of the Shrew	William Shakespeare	26	1593	181
The Two Gentlemen of Verona	William Shakespeare	26	1593	182
Love's Labour's Lost	William Shakespeare	26	1595	183
Romeo and Juliet	William Shakespeare	26	1596	184
The Tragedy of King Richard the Second	William Shakespeare	26	1595	185
A Midsummer Night's Dream	William Shakespeare	26	1595	186
The Life and Death of King John	William Shakespeare	26	1595	187
The Merchant of Venice	William Shakespeare	26	1596	188
The First Part of King Henry the Fourth	William Shakespeare	26	1597	189
The Second Part of King Henry the Fourth	William Shakespeare	26	1599	190
Much Ado About Nothing	William Shakespeare	26	1599	191
The Life of King Henry the Fifth	William Shakespeare	26	1599	192
Julius Caesar	William Shakespeare	26	1599	193
As You Like It	William Shakespeare	26	1599	194
Twelfth Night; or, What You Will	William Shakespeare	27	1602	195
The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark	William Shakespeare	27	1601	196
The Merry Wives of Windsor	William Shakespeare	27	1602	197
Troilus and Cressida	William Shakespeare	27	1602	198
All's Well That Ends Well	William Shakespeare	27	1608	199
Measure for Measure	William Shakespeare	27	1604	200
Othello, the Moor of Venice	William Shakespeare	27	1603	201
King Lear	William Shakespeare	27	1605	202
Macbeth	William Shakespeare	27	1606	203
Antony and Cleopatra	William Shakespeare	27	1607	204
Coriolanus	William Shakespeare	27	1608	205
Timon of Athens	William Shakespeare	27	1606	206
Pericles, Prince of Tyre	William Shakespeare	27	1609	207
Cymbeline	William Shakespeare	27	1611	208
The Winter's Tale	William Shakespeare	27	1623	209
The Tempest	William Shakespeare	27	1611	210
The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eighth	William Shakespeare	27	1623	211
Sonnets	William Shakespeare	27	1605	212
On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies	William Gilbert	28	1893	213
Dialogues Concerning the Two New Sciences	Galileo Galilei	28	1638	214
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals	William Harvey	28	1657	215
On the Circulation of Blood	William Harvey	28	1628	216
On Animal Generation	William Harvey	28	1651	217
The History of Don Quixote de la Mancha	Miguel de Cervantes	29	1605	218
The Advancement of Learning	Sir Francis Bacon	30	1605	219
Novum Organum	Sir Francis Bacon	30	1620	220
New Atlantis	Sir Francis Bacon	30	1627	221
Rules for the Direction of the Mind	René Descartes	31	1701	222
Discourse on the Method	René Descartes	31	1637	223
Meditations on First Philosophy	René Descartes	31	1641	224
Objections Against the Meditations and Replies	René Descartes	31	1642	225
The Geometry	René Descartes	31	1649	226
Ethics	Benedict de Spinoza	31	1677	227
On the Morning of Christ's Nativity	John Milton	32	1646	228
A Paraphrase on Psalm 114	John Milton	32	1645	229
Psalm 136	John Milton	32	1673	230
The Passion	John Milton	32	1646	231
On Time	John Milton	32	1646	232
Upon the Circumcision	John Milton	32	1646	233
At a Solemn Musick	John Milton	32	1646	234
An Epitaph on the Marchioness of Winchester	John Milton	32	1646	235
Song on May Morning	John Milton	32	1646	236
On Shakespeare	John Milton	32	1630	237
On the University Carrier	John Milton	32	1646	238
Another on the same	John Milton	32	1646	239
L'Allegro	John Milton	32	1645	240
Il Penseroso	John Milton	32	1646	241
Arcades	John Milton	32	1634	242
Lycida	John Milton	32	1638	243
Comus	John Milton	32	1634	244
On the Death of a Fair Infant	John Milton	32	1628	245
At a Vacation Exercise	John Milton	32	1631	246
The Fifth Ode of Horace	John Milton	32	1673	247
Sonnets (I, and VII—XIX)	John Milton	32	1655	248
On the New Forcers of Conscience	John Milton	32	1673	249
On the Lord General Fairfax at the Siege of Colchester	John Milton	32	1673	250
To the Lord General Cromwell	John Milton	32	1652	251
To Sir Henry Vane the Younger	John Milton	32	1673	252
To Mister Cyriack the Skinner upon his Blindness	John Milton	32	1673	253
Psalms (I—VIII & LXXX—LXXXVIII)	John Milton	32	1653	254
Paradise Lost	John Milton	32	1667	255
Samson Agonistes	John Milton	32	1674	256
Areopagitica	John Milton	32	1644	257
The Provincial Letters	Blaise Pascal	33	1657	258
Pensées	Blaise Pascal	33	1670	259
Scientific and mathematical essays	Blaise Pascal	33	1658	260
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy	Sir Isaac Newton	34	1687	261
Optics	Sir Isaac Newton	34	1704	262
Treatise on Light	Christiaan Huygens	34	1690	263
A Letter Concerning Toleration	John Locke	35	1689	264
Concerning Civil Government, Second Essay	John Locke	35	1690	265
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding	John Locke	35	1689	266
The Principles of Human Knowledge	George Berkeley	35	1710	267
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding	David Hume	35	1748	268
Gulliver's Travels	Jonathan Swift	36	1726	269
The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman	Laurence Sterne	36	1759	270
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling	Henry Fielding	37	1749	271
The Spirit of the Laws	Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu	38	1748	272
A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality	Jean Jacques Rousseau	38	1754	273
A Discourse on Political Economy	Jean Jacques Rousseau	38	1755	274
The Social Contract	Jean Jacques Rousseau	38	1762	275
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations	Adam Smith	39	1776	276
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Part 1)	Edward Gibbon	40	1776	277
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Part 2)	Edward Gibbon	41	1781	278
Critique of Pure Reason	Immanuel Kant	42	1781	279
Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals	Immanuel Kant	42	1785	280
Critique of Practical Reason	Immanuel Kant	42	1788	281
The Metaphysics of Morals	Immanuel Kant	42	1797	282
Preface and Introduction to the Metaphysical Elements of Ethics with a note on Conscience	Immanuel Kant	42	1797	283
General Introduction to the Metaphysic of Morals	Immanuel Kant	42	1797	284
The Science of Right	Immanuel Kant	42	1797	285
The Critique of Judgement	Immanuel Kant	42	1790	286
Declaration of Independence	American State Papers	43	1776	287
Articles of Confederation	American State Papers	43	1777	288
The Constitution of the United States of America	American State Papers	43	1787	289
The Federalist	Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay	43	1788	290
On Liberty	John Stuart Mill	43	1859	291
Considerations on Representative Government	John Stuart Mill	43	1861	292
Utilitarianism	John Stuart Mill	43	1861	293
The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.	James Boswell	44	1791	294
Elements of Chemistry	Antoine Laurent Lavoisier	45	1789	295
Analytical Theory of Heat	Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier	45	1878	296
Experimental Researches in Electricity	Michael Faraday	45	1832	297
The Philosophy of Right	Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel	46	1821	298
The Philosophy of History	Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel	46	1837	299
Faust	Johann Wolfgang von Goethe	47	1829	300
Moby Dick; or, The Whale	Herman Melville	48	1951	301
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection	Charles Darwin	49	1859	302
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex	Charles Darwin	49	1871	303
Capital	Karl Marx	50	1894	304
Manifesto of the Communist Party	Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels	50	1848	305
War and Peace	Count Leo Tolstoy	51	1867	306
The Brothers Karamazov	Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky	52	1880	307
The Principles of Psychology	William James	53	1918	308
The Origin and Development of Psycho-Analysis	Sigmund Freud	54	1910	309
Selected Papers on Hysteria	Sigmund Freud	54	1909	310
The Sexual Enlightenment of Children	Sigmund Freud	54	1907	311
The Future Prospects of Psycho-Analytic Therapy	Sigmund Freud	54	1912	312
Observations on "Wild" Psycho-Analysis	Sigmund Freud	54	1910	313
The Interpretation of Dreams	Sigmund Freud	54	1900	314
On Narcissism	Sigmund Freud	54	1914	315
Instincts and Their Vicissitudes	Sigmund Freud	54	1915	316
Repression	Sigmund Freud	54	1915	317
The Unconscious	Sigmund Freud	54	1915	318
A General Introduction to Psycho-Analysis	Sigmund Freud	54	1917	319
Beyond the Pleasure Principle	Sigmund Freud	54	1920	320
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego	Sigmund Freud	54	1921	321
The Ego and the Id	Sigmund Freud	54	1923	322
Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety	Sigmund Freud	54	1926	323
Thoughts for the Times on War and Death	Sigmund Freud	54	1915	324
Civilization and Its Discontents	Sigmund Freud	54	1930	325
New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis	Sigmund Freud	54	1933	326
Institutes of the Christian Religion	John Calvin	20	1536	327
The Praise of Folly	Erasmus	23	1509	328
The School for Wives	Molière	31	1662	329
The Critique of the School for Wives	Molière	31	1663	330
Tartuffe	Molière	31	1666	331
Don Juan	Molière	31	1665	332
The Miser	Molière	31	1668	333
The Would-Be Gentleman	Molière	31	1670	334
The Imaginary Invalid	Molière	31	1673	335
Bérénice	Jean Racine	31	1670	336
Phèdre	Jean Racine	31	1677	337
Candide	Voltaire	34	1759	338
Rameau's Nephew	Denis Diderot	34	1774	339
Fear and Trembling	Søren Kierkegaard	43	1843	340
Beyond Good and Evil	Friedrich Nietzsche	43	1886	341
Democracy in America	Alexis de Tocqueville	44	1835	342
Cousin Bette	Honoré de Balzac	45	1846	343
Emma	Jane Austen	46	1815	344
Middlemarch	George Eliot	46	1871	345
Little Dorrit	Charles Dickens	47	1857	346
Huckleberry Finn	Mark Twain	48	1885	347
A Doll's House	Henrik Ibsen	52	1879	348
The Wild Duck	Henrik Ibsen	52	1884	349
Hedda Gabler	Henrik Ibsen	52	1890	350
The Master Builder	Henrik Ibsen	52	1892	351
Pragmatism	William James	55	1907	352
An Introduction to Metaphysics	Henri Bergson	55	1903	353
Experience and Education	John Dewey	55	1938	354
Science and the Modern World	Alfred North Whitehead	55	1925	355
The Problems of Philosophy	Bertrand Russell	55	1912	356
What Is Metaphysics?	Martin Heidegger	55	1929	357
Philosophical Investigations	Ludwig Wittgenstein	55	1953	358
The Word of God and the Word of Man	Karl Barth	55	1933	359
Science and Hypothesis	Henri Poincaré	56	1902	360
Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers	Max Planck	56	1947	361
An Introduction to Mathematics	Alfred North Whitehead	56	1911	362
Relativity: The Special and the General Theory	Albert Einstein	56	1920	363
The Expanding Universe	Arthur Eddington	56	1940	364
Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature (selections)	Niels Bohr	56	1934	365
Discussion with Einstein on Epistemology	Niels Bohr	56	1949	366
A Mathematician's Apology	G. H. Hardy	56	1940	367
Physics and Philosophy	Werner Heisenberg	56	1958	368
What Is Life?	Erwin Schrödinger	56	1944	369
Genetics and the Origin of Species	Theodosius Dobzhansky	56	1937	370
The Nature of Life	C. H. Waddington	56	1961	371
The Theory of the Leisure Class	Thorstein Veblen	57	1899	372
The Acquisitive Society	R. H. Tawney	57	1920	373
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money	John Maynard Keynes	57	1936	374
The Golden Bough	Sir James George Frazer	58	1890	375
Essays in Sociology	Max Weber	58	1920	376
The Autumn of the Middle Ages	Johan Huizinga	58	1919	377
Structural Anthropology	Claude Lévi-Strauss	58	1949	378
The Beast in the Jungle	Henry James	59	1903	379
Saint Joan	George Bernard Shaw	59	1924	380
Heart of Darkness	Joseph Conrad	59	1902	381
Uncle Vanya	Anton Chekhov	59	1899	382
Six Characters in Search of an Author	Luigi Pirandello	59	1921	383
Remembrance of Things Past: "Swann in Love"	Marcel Proust	59	1927	384
A Lost Lady	Willa Cather	59	1923	385
Death in Venice	Thomas Mann	59	1912	386
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man	James Joyce	59	1916	387
To the Lighthouse	Virginia Woolf	60	1927	388
The Metamorphosis	Franz Kafka	60	1915	389
The Prussian Officer	D. H. Lawrence	60	1914	390
The Waste Land	T. S. Eliot	60	1922	391
Mourning Becomes Electra	Eugene O'Neill	60	1931	392
The Great Gatsby	F. Scott Fitzgerald	60	1925	393
A Rose for Emily	William Faulkner	60	1930	394
Mother Courage and Her Children	Bertolt Brecht	60	1939	395
The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber	Ernest Hemingway	60	1936	396
Animal Farm	George Orwell	60	1945	397
Waiting for Godot	Samuel Beckett	60	1952	398